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| ZOOLOGY |
Q. 1 DEFINE CONNECTIVE TISSUE , DESCRIBE THE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
ANS. Connective tissue is a type of tissue found in animals that supports and binds other tissues, and includes various cell types and fibers. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue in the body.
Areolar connective tissue is a type of connective tissue that is characterized by its loose arrangement of fibers and cells. It is found in many areas of the body, including the skin, around blood vessels and nerves, and in the walls of hollow organs. Areolar connective tissue is composed of collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, and white blood cells, which gives it a spongy and flexible consistency.
Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that is specialized for energy storage. It is composed of adipocytes, which are cells that store fat. Adipose tissue is found in many areas of the body, including the subcutaneous layer just below the skin, around internal organs, and in the bone marrow. It is also known as body fat and helps to insulate the body and protect internal organs.
Both Areolar connective tissue and Adipose tissue are the types of connective tissue that supports and binds other tissues, but with different functions and structures.
Q.2 what is simple epithelial tissue ? describe structure, location and different types of simple epithelial tissue
ANS. Simple epithelial tissue is a type of epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer of cells that are tightly packed together. The cells in simple epithelial tissue are arranged in a way that allows for efficient absorption, secretion, and filtration. Simple epithelial tissue is found in many areas of the body, including the lining of internal organs, the surface of the skin, and the lining of the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts.
Simple epithelial tissue can be further divided into four types: squamous, cuboidal, Pseudostratified and columnar.
Squamous epithelial tissue is characterized by its flat, scale-like cells. It is found in areas of the body that are exposed to mechanical stress, such as the lining of blood vessels, the air sacs of the lungs, and the surface of the skin.
Cuboidal epithelial tissue is characterized by its cube-shaped cells. It is found in areas of the body that are involved in secretion and absorption, such as the lining of the ducts of glands and the surface of the ovary.
Columnar epithelial tissue is characterized by its tall, column-like cells. It is found in areas of the body that are involved in absorption and secretion, such as the lining of the stomach and small intestine, and the surface of the thyroid gland.
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue is a type of epithelial tissue that appears to be layered, or stratified, but is actually composed of a single layer of cells. The cells in pseudostratified epithelial tissue are of different shapes and sizes, Pseudostratified epithelial tissue is found in areas of the body that are involved in secretion and absorption, such as the lining of the respiratory tract and the surface of the sperm-producing glands in the male reproductive system.
All types of simple epithelial tissue have a free surface that is in contact with the external environment, and a basal surface that is in contact with the underlying connective tissue. They all have a minimal amount of extracellular matrix and cell-to-cell adhesion is strong.
Q. 3 What is phylogeny? Explain the features of phylogenetic system of classification.
ANS. Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms. The features of phylogenetic system of classification include:
1-It is based on evolutionary relationships, rather than just morphological or other observable characteristics.
2-Phylogenetic classification is hierarchical, with organisms being grouped into increasingly inclusive categories, such as species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
3-Phylogenetic classification uses a branching pattern called a "phylogenetic tree" to depict the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.
4-A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
5-The most recent common ancestor of a group is used as the name-bearing taxon for the clade, for example the genus name for a group of closely related species.
6-Phylogenetic classification also takes into account other evolutionary factors such as extinction and adaptive radiation.
7-The main advantage of phylogenetic system of classification is that it reflects the evolutionary history of organisms, which is a more accurate representation of the natural relationships among living things than traditional classification systems.
Q. 4 WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION ? MENTION BASIC CRITERIA FOR THE KINGDOMS CLASSIFICATION .
ANS. Classification is the process of grouping organisms into categories based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The basic criteria for the kingdoms classification are:
Cell type: organisms are classified based on whether they have prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Cell structure: organisms are classified based on the presence or absence of a cell wall, and the type of cell wall present.
Mode of nutrition: organisms are classified based on how they obtain their food, such as photosynthesis, absorption, or ingestion.
Reproduction: organisms are classified based on their reproductive methods, such as asexual or sexual reproduction.
Development: organisms are classified based on their developmental patterns, such as whether they undergo metamorphosis or not.
The five major kingdoms in the classification of living organisms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Q.5 WHAT IS ICZN ? WRITE RULES BY SYSTEM OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE .
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ANS. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a set of rules and guidelines for naming and classifying animals. It was established to provide a stable and consistent system for naming and classifying animals, and to ensure that the names of animals are unique and universally understood.
The system of binomial nomenclature, which is used in the ICZN, consists of two parts: the genus name and the specific epithet. The genus name is always capitalized and the specific epithet is always lowercase. Together, the genus name and the specific epithet form the scientific name of the organism.
The rules of the ICZN for binomial nomenclature are as follows:
The scientific name of an organism must be in Latin or latinized form.
The scientific name must be written in italics or underlined.
The genus name must be used as a noun and the specific epithet must be used as an adjective.
The scientific name must be used consistently throughout the scientific literature.
The oldest validly published name must be used in case of synonymy.
The type species must be fixed for each genus.
The author citation should be added after the species epithet when it first appears in a scientific text, this is not necessarily the case for the genus name.
No two taxa in the same classification rank should have the same name.
By following these rules, the scientific names of animals can be unique and easily recognized by scientists around the world.
Q.6 DEFINE AND DIFFERENT BETWEEN ARTIFICAL AND NATUREAL SYSTEM OF CASSIFICATION .
ANS. Artificial classification systems are those in which organisms are grouped based on observable characteristics, regardless of their evolutionary relationships. For example, animals might be grouped based on their number of legs, or plants might be grouped based on their leaf shape. Artificial classification systems are often used for practical purposes, such as identifying and organizing species for agricultural or medicinal use.
Natural classification systems, on the other hand, are based on evolutionary relationships between organisms. Organisms are grouped based on their similarities and differences in characteristics, as well as their ancestry. This system is also known as Phylogenetic Systematics, which is based on the principle of common descent. The classification of organisms in natural systems reflects the evolutionary history of the organisms and is often more informative than artificial systems.
In summary, artificial classification systems group organisms based on observable characteristics, while natural classification systems group organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
One more thing to note is, Artificial classification systems are less informative, and do not depict the evolutionary history of organisms. While, natural classification systems are more informative, and depict the evolutionary history of organisms.
Q.7 DIFFERENT BETWEEN TWO KINGDOM AND FIVE KINGDOM
ANS. The difference between the two-kingdom system and the five-kingdom system is the level of classification.
The two-kingdom system, developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century, groups all living organisms into two main categories:
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
Kingdom Plantae (plants)
The five-kingdom system, developed by Robert Whittaker in the late 20th century, groups all living organisms into five main categories:
Kingdom Monera (bacteria and blue-green algae)
Kingdom Protista (single-celled eukaryotic organisms)
Kingdom Fungi (fungi)
Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
The five-kingdom system is considered to be a more accurate reflection of the diversity of life on Earth than the two-kingdom system, as it takes into account differences in cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction among living organisms.
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