IPORTANT QUESTION OF ANATOMY

 

Q.   WHAT IS GFR ?

ANS.     GFR stands for Glomerular Filtration Rate, it is a measure of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. The glomeruli, which are the small blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering the blood, have a natural filtering capacity,

Q. LIST THE FUNCTION OF KIDENY ?

ANS.     The kidneys are a pair of organs located in the back of the abdomen that perform a number of important functions in the body, including:

1.    Filtration of the blood: The kidneys filter waste products, such as urea and creatinine, from the blood.

2.    Regulation of electrolyte balance: The kidneys help to regulate the balance of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, in the body.

3.     Control of blood pressure: The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by producing hormones that control the amount of water and salt in the body.

4.     Production of hormones: The kidneys produce hormones that regulate red blood cell production, promote bone health, and activate vitamin D.

5.     Detoxification: The kidneys remove toxins and drugs from the blood, preventing their accumulation and potential toxicity in the body.

6.     Preservation of fluid balance: The kidneys help maintain a balance between the body's fluid intake and output, which is important for maintaining a healthy blood volume and blood pressure.

7.      Excretion of waste products: The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the urine.

These functions are crucial for maintaining overall health, and when there is an issue with the kidney function, it can lead to serious health problems if not treated properly.

Q. WRITE THE COMPOSITION OF URINE 

Urine is a liquid waste product produced by the kidneys, it is composed of several different substances, including:

Water: Urine is primarily composed of water, which makes up about 95% of its total volume.

Urea: Urea is a nitrogen-containing waste product produced by the liver, which makes up about 2% of the total volume of urine.

Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism, and it makes up about 1% of the total volume of urine.

Electrolytes: Urine contains a variety of electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, and chloride, which are important for maintaining the body's fluid balance.

Uric acid: Uric acid is a waste product produced by the breakdown of purines, a component of DNA and RNA.

Hormones: Urine contains small amounts of hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, which are excreted by the kidneys.

Pigments: Urine may contain small amounts of pigments, such as bilirubin, which gives urine its yellow color.

Bacteria, cells: Urine contains small amounts of bacteria and cells from the urinary tract.

It's important to note that the composition of urine can vary depending on a person's diet, hydration level, and overall health. Urine can also be analyzed for the presence of certain diseases or disorders, such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Q.     WHAT IS NEPHRON? LIST THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF IT . 

A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, it is responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. The nephron is made up of several different parts, including:

Bowman's capsule: The Bowman's capsule surrounds the renal corpuscle and it is the site where filtration of the blood takes place.

Glomerulus: The glomerulus is a small bundle of capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule, it is the site of ultrafiltration of the blood.

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): The PCT is the first part of the tubular system, it reabsorbs water, glucose and electrolytes from the filtrate.

Loop of Henle: The Loop of Henle is a U-shaped segment of the tubule that plays an important role in the regulation of salt and water balance in the body.

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): The DCT is the last segment of the tubular system, it helps to regulate electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body

Collecting duct: The collecting duct is a tube that carries the urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis, where it is then transported to the bladder for excretion.

Vasa recta: Vasa recta are the small blood vessels that supply blood to the renal tubules, they help to remove the waste products from the renal tubules.

Q. DESCRIBE URINE FORMATION . 

Urine formation is the process in which the kidneys filter waste products, ions and excess water from the blood to create urine. This process involves several steps: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, concentration and excretion. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus, where blood is filtered into the Bowman's capsule. Reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules, where important substances are taken back into the blood. Secretion occurs in the renal tubules, where waste products are actively moved from the blood into the tubules. Concentration is the process of regulating the concentration of ions and water in the filtrate. Excretion is the final step, where remaining filtrate is moved from the renal tubules into the collecting ducts and then into the renal pelvis and then to the bladder for excretion from the body. The urine produced in this process can provide information about overall health when analyzed.

OR 

Urine formation, also known as renal filtration and urine production, is the process by which the kidneys remove waste products, excess ions and water from the blood to form urine. The process of urine formation involves several steps, including:

Filtration: Blood is filtered through the glomerulus, a small bundle of capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule. This process, called ultrafiltration, removes water, ions, and small molecules from the blood into the Bowman's capsule.

Reabsorption: The filtered fluid, now called filtrate, then moves into the renal tubules, where important substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the blood.

Secretion: Certain waste products, such as urea and creatinine, are actively secreted from the blood into the renal tubules.

Concentration: The renal tubules help to regulate the concentration of ions and water in the filtrate, this process is called osmoregulation.

Excretion: The final step of urine formation is the excretion of the remaining filtrate from the renal tubules into the collecting ducts and then into the renal pelvis. From there, the urine is transported to the bladder for excretion from the body through the urethra.

Overall, the process of urine formation helps the body maintain homeostasis by regulating the composition and volume of the blood and removing waste products. The urine that is produced is a waste product of the body, but it can also provide valuable information about the body's overall health when analyzed.

Q.   DESCRIBE ELECTROLYTES WITH EXAMPLE 

Electrolytes are minerals in the body that have an electric charge. They are essential for many bodily functions, including maintaining proper hydration, balancing pH levels, and transmitting nerve impulses. Examples of electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. They are found in many foods, and can also be taken as supplements. For example, sports drinks often contain electrolytes to help athletes replace those lost through sweat during intense physical activity.  

Q.    EXPLAIN THE BUFFER SYSTEM IN HUMAN BODY   

A buffer system is a mechanism in the body that helps to maintain a stable pH level in the blood. The pH of the blood is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity, and it is important for the body to maintain a relatively constant pH level of around 7.4. The buffer system does this by neutralizing any acids or bases that are added to the blood, thus preventing large changes in pH.

The main buffer system in the human body is the bicarbonate buffer system, which is composed of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). When an acid is added to the blood, the buffer system neutralizes it by converting some of the bicarbonate into carbonic acid. This process increases the acidity of the blood slightly, but not enough to cause a significant change in pH. Similarly, when a base is added to the blood, the buffer system neutralizes it by converting some of the carbonic acid into bicarbonate. This process decreases the acidity of the blood slightly, again not enough to cause a significant change in pH.

Overall, the buffer system is a critical part of the body's homeostasis, ensuring that the pH of the blood remains within a narrow range that is compatible with life.

Q. Define body fluid what are the different body compartments.

 

Ans. Body fluids are liquids that are found in the body. They serve various functions such as maintaining hydration, regulating temperature, transporting nutrients and waste products, and providing a moist environment for tissues and organs.

There are several different compartments in the human body that contain fluid:

Intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment: This fluid is found inside cells and makes up about two-thirds of total body fluid. It helps to maintain the shape and function of cells.

Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment: This fluid is found outside of cells and includes interstitial fluid, which surrounds tissue cells, and plasma, which is found in the blood. It helps to transport nutrients, waste products, and hormones.

Intravascular fluid compartment: This fluid is found inside the blood vessels and includes plasma. It helps to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Transcellular fluid compartment: This is a small fraction of total body fluid that is found in specific body cavities, such as the cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord and brain, the aqueous humor in the eye, and synovial fluid in joints. These fluids serve to lubricate and cushion organs and tissues.