short questions of zoology unit 1 to 8 /2016/017/018/019/020

Q ;- What is Cytology ? 

ANS .  Cytology is the study of the structure and function of cells.

Q;- Define species 

ANS.   A species is a classification of living organisms that are similar in physical and genetic characteristics, and that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. The concept of a species is used to organize and classify the diversity of life on Earth. 

or 

species is regarded as the basic unit of classification .

Q;- what is glomerular filtration ?

ANS.   Glomerular filtration is the process by which blood is filtered by the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, and returning the cleaned blood back to the body.

Q;- write full form of ICZN.

ANS.   the full form of ICZN is the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature . 

Q;- write the name of female hormones

ANS. The main some hormones are Estrogen, Progesterone, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Inhibin, Relaxin etc .

Q;- what do you mean by abiogenesis.

ANS.     Abiogenesis is the scientific theory that explains the origin of life from non-living matter. It proposes that life on Earth began from simple organic molecules that gradually became more complex, eventually leading to the first living organisms. 

Q;-Define oncology 

ANS.    Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. This includes the investigation of the causes, prevention, and management of cancer, as well as the development of new treatments and therapies. Oncologists are medical doctors who specialize in treating cancer patients.

Q;- Define nutrition 

ANS.    Nutrition is the study of how the body uses food to maintain health and prevent diseases . Nutrition is essential for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Nutrition also plays a role in recovery from illness and injury.

Q;- list any two branches of zoology related to medical field  

ANS.    Medical entomology: This branch of zoology deals with the study of insects and other arthropods that have an impact on human health.

Veterinary parasitology: This branch of zoology deals with the study of parasites that affect animals, including domestic and wild animals. This includes the study of parasites that can also affect humans such as tapeworms and roundworms. Veterinarian Parasitologists are responsible for preventing and controlling the spread of parasitic infections in animals and in some cases in humans as well.

Q;- Define entmology and pathology 

ANS.    Entomology: Is the scientific study of insects and their relatives such as spiders, mites, and other arthropods. Entomologists study the behavior, ecology, physiology, physiology, and evolution of insects, as well as their interactions with other organisms and their roles in ecosystems.

Pathology: Is the study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Pathology involves the examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids to diagnose and understand the mechanisms of disease.

Q;-Define the term pathology and paleontology.

ANS.     The terms of pathology

Pathology is divided into two main branches: anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Anatomical pathology is the study of the structural changes in the body caused by disease, while clinical pathology is the study of the chemical and biological changes in the body caused by disease.

The terms of Paleontology

Paleontology: Is the scientific study of fossils and ancient life forms. Paleontologists study the remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that lived in the past to understand their biology, evolution, and ecology. They use fossils to reconstruct the history of life on Earth, including the emergence of different groups of organisms, the changes in the Earth's climate and environment, and the extinction of species. Paleontologists also use fossils to study the evolution of features such as teeth, bones, and shells, and to reconstruct the relationships between different groups of organisms.

Q;- Define zoology .

ANS.    Zoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, behavior, evolution, and classification of animals. Zoologists study all aspects of animal life, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest mammals.

Q;- Describe various scopes of zoology. 

ANS.    The scope of zoology is quite broad and encompasses many different sub-disciplines. Some of the major scopes of zoology include:

Comparative physiology: This sub-discipline of zoology studies the anatomy, physiology, and physiology of different groups of animals in order to understand how different structures and functions have evolved and how they are adapted to different environments.

Animal behavior: This sub-discipline of zoology studies the behavior of animals, including how they communicate, interact with one another and with their environment, and how they make decisions.

Ecology: This sub-discipline of zoology studies the relationships between animals and their environment, including how animals interact with one another and with their physical surroundings.

Evolution: This sub-discipline of zoology studies the history of life on Earth, including the emergence of different groups of animals, the changes in the Earth's climate and environment, and the extinction of species.

Conservation biology: This sub-discipline of zoology studies the conservation and management of animal populations and their habitats.

Aquatic zoology: This sub-discipline of zoology focuses on the study of marine and freshwater organisms and their ecology, physiology and behavior.

Medical zoology: this sub-discipline of zoology deals with the study of animal-borne diseases, the control of vectors and pests and the study of animal models for human diseases.

Wildlife management: this sub-discipline of zoology deals with the conservation, management, and restoration of wildlife populations and their habitats.

Entomology: This sub-discipline of zoology deals with the study of insects and other arthropods.

Ornithology: This sub-discipline of zoology deals with the study of birds, their physiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution. These are just a few examples of the many sub-disciplines of zoology, and many zoologists specialize in one or more of these areas.

Q;-List the  function of golgi complex 

ANS.     The Golgi complex, also known as the Golgi apparatus, is a cellular organelle that plays a key role in the processing and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell. 

if ask for 4marks The main functions of the Golgi complex include:

Protein modification: The Golgi complex modifies and sorts proteins that have been synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by adding carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules to them.

Protein sorting: The Golgi complex sorts proteins into different vesicles for transport to different parts of the cell or for secretion outside the cell.

Lipid metabolism: The Golgi complex is involved in the synthesis, modification, and transport of lipids and lipoproteins, including the formation of phospholipids and the production of cholesterol.

Cell signaling: The Golgi complex plays a role in the modification and transport of signaling molecules, such as growth factors and hormones, that are involved in cell-to-cell communication.

Cell growth and division: The Golgi complex is involved in the formation of the cell plate during cell division, as well as in the formation of the lysosome.

Quality control: The Golgi complex is involved in the quality control of proteins by recognizing and targeting misfolded or non-native proteins for degradation.

Vesicle formation: The Golgi complex is involved in the formation of vesicles that transport molecules and organelles within the cell.

Making lysosomes: The Golgi complex also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes which are responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste products.

These are the main functions of the Golgi complex, but its role may vary depending on the cell type and the stage of development.

Q;-DEFINE  IVF AND ICZN 

Ans    IVF stands for In Vitro fertilization, a medical procedure in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside of the body, in a laboratory dish. The resulting embryo(s) is then transferred to the woman's uterus with the goal of achieving a pregnancy.

ICZN stands for the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which is the set of rules used to name and classify animals. It is used by scientists worldwide to ensure that animal names are unique, consistent, and informative.

Long question of botany #Penicillium #Spirogyra #Aspergillus #Mucor #meiosis #mitosis

 Q;- The lifecycle of Spirogyra,

 Ans.      A type of green algae, involves both sexual and asexual reproduction.

During asexual reproduction, the algae undergoes fragmentation, where a piece of the filaments break off and grow into a new individual.

During sexual reproduction, the algae forms conjugation tubes between two individuals and exchange genetic material through a process called plasmogamy. The resulting zygote then undergoes meiosis to form a new filament.

In addition, Spirogyra also reproduce through a process called "zygospore" formation. In this process, two mating cells fuse and form a thick-walled, dormant spore that can survive harsh conditions before germinating into a new filament.

if have 8 marks 

The sexual reproduction process in Spirogyra begins with the formation of male and female gametangia on separate filaments. The male gametangium releases motile sperm, which swim through the water and enter the female gametangium through a pore. Once inside, the sperm fertilize the egg and form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes meiosis, resulting in the formation of a diploid filament.

The asexual reproduction process in Spirogyra is known as fragmentation. The filamentous algae can be easily broken into small pieces, each of which can grow into a new individual. This process can occur naturally, or it can be induced by environmental factors such as drought or physical damage.

In addition to fragmentation, Spirogyra also reproduces through a process called "zygospore" formation. In this process, two mating cells fuse and form a thick-walled, dormant spore that can survive harsh conditions before germinating into a new filament.

In summary, Spirogyra reproduces both sexually and asexually through fragmentation, plasmogamy and zygospore formation. These different reproduction methods allow the algae to survive and thrive in a variety of environments.

 Q;- Penicillium lifecycle

Ans.      The life cycle of Penicillium involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the fungus produces spores through fragmentation or budding. In sexual reproduction, the fungus produces sexual spores called ascospores through the formation of asci. The sexual spores germinate to form mycelium, which can then produce asexual spores and continue the cycle.

on the other word 

Penicillium is a type of mold that belongs to the Ascomycota phylum, which is a large group of fungi that includes yeasts and other molds. The mold typically grows as a filamentous colony, with hyphae that are divided into cells. The hyphae produce reproductive structures called conidiophores, on which asexual spores called conidia are formed. The conidia are dispersed by air currents and can germinate to form new colonies.

In addition to asexual reproduction, Penicillium can also reproduce sexually. During sexual reproduction, the fungus forms structures called asci, which contain sexual spores called ascospores. The ascospores are formed through the process of meiosis, which is a type of cell division that results in genetically diverse offspring. The ascospores germinate to form mycelium, which can then produce asexual spores and continue the cycle.

Penicillium is a common saprophyte, it is found in soil and on decaying plant material. It is also a common contaminant of stored food products and indoor environments. Some species of Penicillium produce antibiotics like penicillin, which is used to treat bacterial infections. Other species can produce mycotoxins, which are toxic compounds that can cause health problems if ingested.

Q;-Aspergillus 

Ans .      The lifecycle of Aspergillus involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the fungus produces spores through fragmentation or budding. In sexual reproduction, the fungus produces sexual spores called ascospores through the formation of asci. The sexual spores germinate to form mycelium, which can then produce asexual spores and continue the cycle.

Asexual reproduction occurs by the formation of asexual spores called conidia, which are produced at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. Conidia are dispersed by air currents and can germinate to form new colonies when they land on a suitable substrate.

Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus occurs through the formation of asci, which are specialized cells that contain sexual spores called ascospores. The ascospores are formed through the process of meiosis, which is a type of cell division that results in genetically diverse offspring. The ascospores germinate to form mycelium, which can then produce asexual spores and continue the cycle.

Aspergillus is a common saprophytic fungus found in soil, decomposing plant material and indoor environments. Many species of Aspergillus are important in food production, such as A. niger which is used to produce citric acid and enzymes, but others can be harmful, producing mycotoxins that can cause health problems if ingested.

Q;-Mucor

Ans.    Mucor is a type  of fungus that reproduces through spores. The spores are produced on the tips of aerial hyphae, which are long, thread-like structures that grow above the surface of the substrate (the material on which the fungus is growing). The spores are released into the air and can be spread to new locations by wind or water. When the spores land in a suitable environment, they germinate and grow into new colonies of Mucor. Some species of Mucor also reproduce sexually, by forming a specialized structure called a zygosporangium in which the nuclei of two hyphae fuse together to form a zygote. This zygote then develops into a new organism.

Mucor reproduces asexually by producing spores, which are haploid cells that can develop into new individuals without the need for fertilization. The spores are formed on the tips of aerial hyphae, which are long, thread-like structures that grow above the surface of the substrate. The spores are released into the air and can be spread to new locations by wind or water. When the spores land in a suitable environment, they germinate and grow into new colonies of Mucor.

In addition to asexual reproduction, some species of Mucor also reproduce sexually, by forming a specialized structure called a zygosporangium in which the nuclei of two hyphae fuse together to form a zygote. This zygote then develops into a new organism. This process is called heterothallism, which is a type of sexual reproduction in which the mating of two individuals is necessary for the production of a zygosporangium.

Mucor is also known for its ability to form mycelia, which is a network of hyphae that can cover a large area. This allows the fungus to colonize and extract nutrients from a wide range of substrates.

Mucor is found in a wide range of environments, including soil, rotting plants, and animal dung. It is also known to grow in indoor environments, such as on damp walls and ceilings. Some species of Mucor are considered to be opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in people with compromised immune systems.

Q;- Meiosis cell division 

Ans.    Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four genetically distinct daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the creation of genetic diversity in offspring. The two main stages of meiosis are meiosis I and meiosis II, with meiosis I involving the separation of homologous chromosomes, and meiosis II involving the separation of sister chromatids.

During meiosis I, the cell undergoes prophase I, where the chromosomes condense and the homologous chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes) pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This process leads to the formation of new combinations of genes on the chromosomes. Next, the cell enters metaphase I, where the homologous chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell, resulting in two daughter cells, each with a unique combination of chromosomes.

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, the type of cell division that occurs during the growth and repair of somatic cells. During meiosis II, the chromosomes that were separated during meiosis I are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell, resulting in the formation of four genetically distinct daughter cells. Each of these daughter cells contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, which is necessary for sexual reproduction as it allows for the formation of genetically diverse offspring.

Meiosis is important for the production of sperm and eggs, and also for the creation of genetic diversity in the offspring. Without meiosis, offspring would be genetically identical to their parents, which would limit the ability of a species to adapt to changing environments.

In addition to its role in sexual reproduction, meiosis also plays a role in the maintenance of chromosome stability. The process of crossing over during meiosis I and the random alignment of chromosomes during metaphase I can help to repair broken or damaged chromosomes by exchanging genetic material with homologous chromosomes. This can help to prevent the accumulation of harmful mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, which can lead to genetic diseases.

Meiosis also allows for the formation of new combinations of genes, which can lead to the evolution of new traits in a species. This genetic diversity is important for the survival of a species, as it allows for the adaptation to changing environments.

Meiosis can be found in most multicellular organisms that reproduce sexually, including animals and plants. The process of meiosis is highly regulated by a variety of genetic and environmental factors, and disruptions to this process can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

It is worth noting that in some organisms, such as bacteria and some fungi, meiosis is replaced by a process called conjugation, which involves the transfer of genetic material between cells. This process can also lead to the formation of genetically diverse offspring.

Q;-Mitosis cell division 

Ans.      Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the growth and repair of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) in all multicellular organisms. The main stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. In anaphase, the chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell, and the cell begins to divide. In telophase, the chromosomes decondense and the cell completes its division, forming two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis is a continuous process, and the cell cycle, including mitosis, is regulated by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Mitosis is essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms, as it allows for the formation of new cells and the replacement of damaged cells. Without mitosis, organisms would not be able to grow or repair tissues, and would eventually die.

Mitosis is also important for the maintenance of chromosome stability, as it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete and accurate copy of the genetic information. Disruptions to the process of mitosis can lead to a variety of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.

Q. life cycle of aspergillus. 

Ans. 

The life cycle of Aspergillus, a genus of fungi, consists of several stages, including:

Spore production: Aspergillus produces spores called conidia that can be dispersed through the air and become potential sources of infection.

Germination: The conidia land on a suitable surface and germinate, forming hyphae, which are long, branching filaments that make up the fungal mycelium.

Colonization: The mycelium grows and colonizes the substrate, which can be a variety of materials such as food, wood, or other organic matter.

Development of fruiting bodies: As the mycelium grows and matures, it begins to produce fruiting bodies, such as molds or conidiophores, which produce and release new conidia.

Dispersal of conidia: The conidia are dispersed and can infect new hosts or substrates, starting the cycle over again.

Aspergillus can have both beneficial and harmful effects on humans and other organisms. Some species are used in food and beverage production, such as for the production of soy sauce, miso, and sake. However, other species can cause infections in humans and animals, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, and can cause food spoilage and crop losses

Q. 

important short question of botany 1st year

Q 1 define  cytology  ,'']-  

Ans.        Cytology is the study of cells and their structure, function, and pathology. This includes the examination of cell samples, such as blood or tissue samples, under a microscope to diagnose and monitor diseases or conditions, including cancer.

Q.2 define morphology ]-

Ans. study of external features of an organisms.

3 define taxonomy ]- study of classification of organism

4 define mycology ]- study of fungi .

5 define paleontology ]- study of plants & animals fossils .

6 define histology]- study of tissue structure with the help of microscope .

7 define genetic]- study of hereditary characters.

8 function of lipids ]- 1 - store energy 2- test & smell 3 - production of hormones

9 what is studied under phycology ?

ans ]- algae study under phycology.

10 list out function of lipis

ans ]-

Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that have several important functions in the body, including:

A. .Energy storage: Lipids, particularly triglycerides, store energy in the form of fatty acids.

B. Insulation: Lipids, such as those found in the myelin sheath, insulate nerves and help to maintain a consistent body temperature.

C. Structural support: Lipids, such as cholesterol, are an important component of cell membranes and provide structural support to the cell.

D. Hormone production: Lipids, such as those found in steroid hormones, are used in the production of hormones.

E. Transport: Lipids, such as phospholipids, help to transport molecules such as vitamins and minerals through the body.

Protection: Lipids, such as waxes, provide a barrier against water loss and physical damage to the skin, hair and nails.

Q.12 Relation between botany and physics

ans ]- Botany is the study of plants, while physics is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. While these two fields may seem unrelated, they do intersect in certain areas. For example, photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a topic that is studied by both botanists and physicists. Additionally, the mechanical properties of plants, such as how they move and grow, are also of interest to both fields. Overall botany and physics both are different subjects but they have some inter-relation at some points.

Q.13 Relation between botany and chemistry

ans ]- Botany and chemistry have a close relationship because many of the processes and compounds found in plants are chemical in nature. For example, photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a complex series of chemical reactions. Additionally, plants contain a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenes, which are of interest to chemists for their medicinal or industrial uses. Furthermore, the study of plant biochemistry can also help in understanding the metabolic pathways, enzyme biochemistry, and the synthesis of important primary and secondary metabolites.

Q.14 what is amino acid ?

ans ]- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are organic molecules that contain both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). There are 20 different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins, each with its own unique properties and functions. Amino acids are essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body, and some can also act as neurotransmitters or precursors to other molecules. They can be classified into 3 types: essential, non-essential and conditional. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet. Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body and do not need to be obtained through diet. Conditional amino acids are usually non-essential but in certain condition such as illness or stress, the body may require them.

Q.15 function of amino acid

ans ]- A , metabolism B. strucutral support C . transport and storage

Q.16 function of protein

ans ]- Proteins play many critical roles in the body and are essential for the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. Some of the main functions of proteins include:

A Building and repairing tissues: Proteins are the building blocks of tissues such as muscles, skin, hair, and nails. They are necessary for the growth and repair of these tissues.

B .Enzymatic reactions: Proteins called enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such as the digestion of food and the metabolism of nutrients.

C . Hormonal regulation: Proteins called hormones regulate many important bodily functions, such as growth and development, metabolism, and the response to stress.

D. Transport and storage: Proteins called carrier molecules transport molecules such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Proteins called storage proteins store important molecules such as iron and zinc.

E, Immune function: Proteins called antibodies help protect the body from infection and disease by recognizing and neutralizing foreign invaders.

F., Structural support: Proteins provide structural support to cells, tissues, and organs, helping to maintain their shape and integrity.

G.,,Communication: Proteins act as neurotransmitters and receptors, helping to transmit signals between cells and allowing cells to communicate with one another.

H.,,Metabolism: Proteins are involved in many metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle.

I .,Defense: Proteins such as lactoferrin and lysozyme have antimicrobial properties that help defend the body against bacterial and viral infections.

In short, proteins play a crucial role in many physiological processes and are necessary for maintaining good health. They are essential for the growth, repair, and functioning of cells, tissues, and organs in the body, as well as for many metabolic pathways.

Q.17. function of carbohydrate ?

ans ]-

1.,, Energy source: Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the body, providing fuel for physical activity and daily functions.

2.,, Metabolic regulation: Carbohydrates play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels and insulin production, helping to maintain a healthy metabolism.

3.,, Brain function: Carbohydrates are essential for proper brain function, as they provide the glucose needed for cognitive processes and memory formation.

4.,, Satiety: Carbohydrates can help to promote feelings of fullness and satisfaction, making them an important component of weight management.

5.,, Digestion: Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars during digestion, which are then absorbed and used by the body for energy.

6.,, Fiber: Carbohydrates in the form of fiber are essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system, promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation.

7.,, Immune system: Carbohydrates are important for maintaining a healthy immune system, as they help to support the growth and function of white blood cells.

8.,, Hormonal regulation: Carbohydrates can help to regulate the release of hormones, such as insulin and serotonin, which play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being

18. what is ethnobotany?

ans . Ethnobotany is the study of the dynamic relationship between plants and people. Considerable ethnobotanical inquiry focuses on the search for commercially valuable botanical products, especially medicines, but the field is becoming increasingly conceptual and problem oriented

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Plane crash in Nepal Yeti Airlines plane crash in Pokhara

- It has been revealed that the Yeti Airlines ATR 72 plane that crashed in Pokhara has made its first landing at Pokhara's newly built international airport.

The crew, including Captain Kamal KC, who is also an instructor pilot, did the first demo flight at Pokhara International Airport from the same aircraft on 7th of January.

This is the first incident where a 72-passenger ATR aircraft has crashed in Nepal.

The plane crashed near Seti Khonch in Nayagaon, Pokhara on Sunday morning. Rescue work is still going on at the accident site. It is said that 26 bodies have been collected from the accident site.

At 10:30 in the morning, the 9N-ANC plane that flew from Kathmandu to Pokhara, while landing at Pokhara International Airport, crashed at Seti's gorge in Nayagaon, between the old airport and the new airport.

The Yeti plane that had an accident was the first plane to land at the Pokhara International Airport. The plane was flown by senior captain Kamal KC of Yeti Airlines. Captain Casey is also an instructor pilot. He made the first demo flight at Pokhara International Airport from this aircraft. This is the first incident where a 72-passenger ATR aircraft has crashed in Nepal.

Pokhara International Airport has said that the rescue operation is continuing and the amount of damage in the incident is yet to be ascertained.