Q 1 define cytology ,'']-
Ans. Cytology is the study of cells and their structure, function, and pathology. This includes the examination of cell samples, such as blood or tissue samples, under a microscope to diagnose and monitor diseases or conditions, including cancer.
Q.2 define morphology ]-
Ans. study of external features of an organisms.
3 define taxonomy ]- study of classification of organism
4 define mycology ]- study of fungi .
5 define paleontology ]- study of plants & animals fossils .
6 define histology]- study of tissue structure with the help of microscope .
7 define genetic]- study of hereditary characters.
8 function of lipids ]- 1 - store energy 2- test & smell 3 - production of hormones
9 what is studied under phycology ?
ans ]- algae study under phycology.
10 list out function of lipis
ans ]-
Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that have several important functions in the body, including:
A. .Energy storage: Lipids, particularly triglycerides, store energy in the form of fatty acids.
B. Insulation: Lipids, such as those found in the myelin sheath, insulate nerves and help to maintain a consistent body temperature.
C. Structural support: Lipids, such as cholesterol, are an important component of cell membranes and provide structural support to the cell.
D. Hormone production: Lipids, such as those found in steroid hormones, are used in the production of hormones.
E. Transport: Lipids, such as phospholipids, help to transport molecules such as vitamins and minerals through the body.
Protection: Lipids, such as waxes, provide a barrier against water loss and physical damage to the skin, hair and nails.
Q.12 Relation between botany and physics
ans ]- Botany is the study of plants, while physics is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. While these two fields may seem unrelated, they do intersect in certain areas. For example, photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a topic that is studied by both botanists and physicists. Additionally, the mechanical properties of plants, such as how they move and grow, are also of interest to both fields. Overall botany and physics both are different subjects but they have some inter-relation at some points.
Q.13 Relation between botany and chemistry
ans ]- Botany and chemistry have a close relationship because many of the processes and compounds found in plants are chemical in nature. For example, photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a complex series of chemical reactions. Additionally, plants contain a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenes, which are of interest to chemists for their medicinal or industrial uses. Furthermore, the study of plant biochemistry can also help in understanding the metabolic pathways, enzyme biochemistry, and the synthesis of important primary and secondary metabolites.
Q.14 what is amino acid ?
ans ]- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are organic molecules that contain both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH). There are 20 different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins, each with its own unique properties and functions. Amino acids are essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body, and some can also act as neurotransmitters or precursors to other molecules. They can be classified into 3 types: essential, non-essential and conditional. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet. Non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body and do not need to be obtained through diet. Conditional amino acids are usually non-essential but in certain condition such as illness or stress, the body may require them.
Q.15 function of amino acid
ans ]- A , metabolism B. strucutral support C . transport and storage
Q.16 function of protein
ans ]- Proteins play many critical roles in the body and are essential for the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. Some of the main functions of proteins include:
A Building and repairing tissues: Proteins are the building blocks of tissues such as muscles, skin, hair, and nails. They are necessary for the growth and repair of these tissues.
B .Enzymatic reactions: Proteins called enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such as the digestion of food and the metabolism of nutrients.
C . Hormonal regulation: Proteins called hormones regulate many important bodily functions, such as growth and development, metabolism, and the response to stress.
D. Transport and storage: Proteins called carrier molecules transport molecules such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Proteins called storage proteins store important molecules such as iron and zinc.
E, Immune function: Proteins called antibodies help protect the body from infection and disease by recognizing and neutralizing foreign invaders.
F., Structural support: Proteins provide structural support to cells, tissues, and organs, helping to maintain their shape and integrity.
G.,,Communication: Proteins act as neurotransmitters and receptors, helping to transmit signals between cells and allowing cells to communicate with one another.
H.,,Metabolism: Proteins are involved in many metabolic pathways, such as the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle.
I .,Defense: Proteins such as lactoferrin and lysozyme have antimicrobial properties that help defend the body against bacterial and viral infections.
In short, proteins play a crucial role in many physiological processes and are necessary for maintaining good health. They are essential for the growth, repair, and functioning of cells, tissues, and organs in the body, as well as for many metabolic pathways.
Q.17. function of carbohydrate ?
ans ]-
1.,, Energy source: Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the body, providing fuel for physical activity and daily functions.
2.,, Metabolic regulation: Carbohydrates play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels and insulin production, helping to maintain a healthy metabolism.
3.,, Brain function: Carbohydrates are essential for proper brain function, as they provide the glucose needed for cognitive processes and memory formation.
4.,, Satiety: Carbohydrates can help to promote feelings of fullness and satisfaction, making them an important component of weight management.
5.,, Digestion: Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars during digestion, which are then absorbed and used by the body for energy.
6.,, Fiber: Carbohydrates in the form of fiber are essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system, promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation.
7.,, Immune system: Carbohydrates are important for maintaining a healthy immune system, as they help to support the growth and function of white blood cells.
8.,, Hormonal regulation: Carbohydrates can help to regulate the release of hormones, such as insulin and serotonin, which play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being
18. what is ethnobotany?
ans . Ethnobotany is the study of the dynamic relationship between plants and people. Considerable ethnobotanical inquiry focuses on the search for commercially valuable botanical products, especially medicines, but the field is becoming increasingly conceptual and problem oriented
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