;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
-cy{ dGqfno_
tyf
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6
-ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g_
aLr
;DkGg
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh ;Demf}tf -sDKofS6
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh ;Demf}tf
k|:tfjgf
k|:t't ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh
;Demf}tf -“;Demf}tf”_ ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfn “g]kfn”_ sf]
tkm{af6 cy{ dGqfno -“;/sf/”]_ tyf ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/L lgud ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh
skf]{/];g -“Pdl;l;”_ aLr
;DkGg eof] . -o; ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l; tyf ;/sf/nfO{ Psn ¿kdf -“kIf”_ /
;fd"lxs ?kdf -“kIfx¿”_ egL
;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ cg';"rL ^ df
pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; /
ul/aL lgjf/0f k|j4{g ug]{ ;femf nIok|lt kIfx¿ k|lta¢ /x]sf tyf o; ;Demf}tf
cGtu{t Pdl;l;sf] ;xfotfn] g]kfnsf] ;'zf;g, cfly{s :jtGqtf tyf hgtfdf ul/g]
nufgL] ;'b[9 ug{] k|lta4tfnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{Ù
;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf]
;xfotfsf] pkof]usf ;DaGwdf k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh;Fu
k/fdz{ u/L lbuf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{{ Pdl;l;sf]
;xfotfsf] nflu k|:tfj agfO{ k]z u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ :d/0f ub}{Ù
Pdl;l;n] g]kfnnfO{
k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf nIo tyf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u ug{ OR5's /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{Ù
kIfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd ug{
;xdt ePsf 5g\M
file:///C:/Users/Moti/Downloads/nepal-pia.pdf
wf/f !=
nIo / p2]Zo
bkmf !=! ;Demf}tfsf]
nIo= cfly{s ljsf; dfkm{t g]kfndf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf]
nIo -“;Demf}tfsf]
nIo”]_
/x]sf] 5 . Pdl;l;sf] ;xfotf g]kfnsf] ;'zf;g, cfly{s :jtGqtf / g]kfnL hgtfdf
ul/g] nufgLnfO{ ;an agfpg pknAw x'g]5 .
bkmf !=@ kl/of]hgfsf]
p2]Zo= cg';'rL ! df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf kl/of]hgfx¿ -k|To]ssf] xsdf “kl/of]hgf” /
;fd"lxs ?kdf “kl/of]hgfx¿”_
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z 5g\ . k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo -k|To]ssf] xsdf“kl/of]hgf
p2]Zo”
/ ;fd"lxs ?kdf “kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿”_ b]xfo
adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M
s_ phf{ Jofkf/nfO{
;xhLs/0f u/L tyf g]kfnsf] ljB't lu|8df ljB't cfk"lt{sf] pknAwtf tyf
l:y/tfdf ;'wf/ u/L ljB'tsf]
pkef]u j[l4 ug]{,
v_ /0fgLlts ;8s ;~hfndf
;8ssf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg] . 3
wf/f @=
ljQLo Joj:yf / ;|f]t
bkmf @=! sfo{qmd ljQLo
Joj:yf= bkmf &=# adf]lhd of] ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kl5, o; ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿
adf]lhd Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ k}tfln; s/f]8 kGrfgAa] nfv -$%,(%,)),)))_ cd]l/sL
8n/ eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L -“sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf”_
;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu /sd pknAw u/fpg]5 . sfo{qmd
ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ljlgof]hg cg';"rL @ df ;fdfGo ?kdf plNnlvt 5 .
bkmf @=@ ;Demf}tf
l;l8Pkm=
-s_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf
x:tfIf/ eP kl5, Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ o; ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿ adf]lhd bkmf @=! Dff
pNn]v ul/Psf] sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm yk rf/ s/f]8 kfFr nfv -$,)%,)),)))_
cd]l/sL 8n/ eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L -æ;Demf}tf l;l8PkmÆ_ ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh P]g, @))#
sf] bkmf ^)( -5_, ;+zf]wg ;d]t -æPdl;P P]gÆ_ cGtu{t b]xfosf k|of]hgsf] nflu Pj+
o; ;Demf}tf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh agfpg ;/sf/n] pkof]u ug]{ u/L /sd pknAw u/fpg]5M
-!_ ljQLo Joj:yfkg /
vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{Ù
-@_ k|zf;lgs sfo{x¿
-sd{rf/Lsf] tna h:tf k|f/lDes vr{ ;d]t_ / axfn, sDKo'6/ / cGo ;"rgf k|ljlw
jf k"FhLut pks/0f h:tf cGo k|zf;lgs ;xfos vr{x¿Ù
-#_ cg'udg /
d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{x¿Ù
-$_ ;DefJotf, l8hfOg, /
cGo kl/of]hgf tof/L cWoog sfo{x¿Ù /
-%_ Pdl;l;n] :jLs[t
u/]sf ;Demf}tf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xh agfpg] cGo sfo{x¿ .
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf]
ljlgof]hg cg';"rL @ df ;fdfGo ?kdf plNnlvt 5 .
-v_ of] bkmf @=@ tyf
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf xsdf nfu" x'g] o; ;Demf}tfsf cGo Joj:yfx¿ bkmf &=%
adf]lhd ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq o; ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l; / ;/sf/n]
x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldltb]lv nffu" x'g]5g\ .
-u_ ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf]
k|To]s e'QmfgL cg';"rL $ df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf To:tf] e'QmfgL ;DaGwL
k"j{ zt{x¿sf] kl/kfngfsf] clwgdf /xg]5 .
-3_ Pdl;l;n] bkmf @=@
-s_ cGtu{t pknAw ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] s'n /sd bkmf @=@-s_ df pNn]v ul/Psf
k|of]hgsf nflu d'gfl;a ?kdf pkof]u x'g ;Sg] /sd eGbf a9L ePsf] egL lgwf{/0f
u/]df ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ Pdl;l;n] bkmf @=@ -s_ cGtu{t pknAw
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] /sdnfO{ sd u/L a9L ePsf] /sd -clws ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sd”_]
lkmtf{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf bkmf @=@ -s_ cGtu{t ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw u/fOg]
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] /sdaf6 clws ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sd 36fOg]5 / pQm clws
;Demf}tf l;l8Pkm /sdsf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l;sf] s'g} yk bfloTj /xg]] 5}g . 4
-ª_
Pdl;l;n] rfx]df ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ ;/sf/nfO{ To:tf] clws ;Demf}tf
l;l8Pkm /sdsf] s'n /sd jf s]xL lx:;f a/fa/sf] /sd sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfdf yk
x'g] u/L pknAw u/fpg] ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5, / To:tf] yk sfo{qmd ljQLo
Joj:yfsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yfdf nfu" x'g] k|:t't
;Demf}tfsf zt{ tyf aGb]hx¿ Nffu" x'g]5g\ .
bkmf @=# Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yf= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf sfo{qmd ljQLo Joj:yf / ;Demf}tf l;l8PkmnfO{
;fd"lxs ?kdf “Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf”
elgPsf] 5 / o;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t ;/sf/n] e'QmfgL lbPsf] sfo{qmd
ljQLo Joj:yf / ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] lkmtf{ jf ;f]wegf{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
bkmf @=$ e'QmfgL=
Pdl;l;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ePsf vr{sf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] e'QmfgL -“e'QmfgL”_ ug]{5
. nfu" x'g] ;a} k"j{ zt{x¿sf] kl/kfngf ePdf Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ pknAw
x'g] e'QmfgLsf] /sd -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] vf]n]sf] / Pdl;l;åf/f :jLs[t Ps jf Ps
eGbf a9L a}+s vftf -k|To]snfO{ “:jLs[t vftf” elgg]_
df hDdf u/L jf -v_ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DalGwt j:t', sfo{ jf ;]jfsf]
k|bfosnfO{ k|ToIf e'QmfgL u/L lbOg]5 . Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL vr{df
dfq pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
bkmf @=% Aofh= Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ sfo{qmd k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ug'{ k"j{ pQm Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfdf k|fKt x'g] s'g} klg Aofh jf cGo cfo sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf adf]lhd
;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] jf x:tfGt/0f ug]{5 .
bkmf @=^ ;/sf/L ;|f]tÙ
ah]6=
-s_ ;/sf/n] k|:t't
;Demf}tf cGtu{t ;/sf/sf] bfloTj kl/kfngfsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s tyf
cGo ;|f]tx¿ pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm,
;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf sfo{qmdsf kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ clgjfo{ of]ubfg
-“;/sf/sf]
of]ubfg”_ ug]{5
. cg';"rL @ df ;/sf/sf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df yk pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ sfo{qmd cjlwe/
;/sf/n] cfˆgf] jflif{s ah]6df k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] jf
x'g] cg'dflgt Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ ?kdf n]vf /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{
;jf]{Qd k|oTg ug]{5 .
-u_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf
sfo{qmd cGtu{t nlIft ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ;/sf/n] Pdl;l; afx]s cGo
>f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fdfGo / ck]lIft ;|f]tx¿ Jff ah]6 36fpg] 5}g .
-3_ ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;nfO{
lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;"rgf lbPsf]df afx]s, k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd cGtu{t
nlIft ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿sf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf ;/sf/n] cGo tj/n] k|fKt
ug]{ jf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] cltl/Qm x'g]5 .
bkmf @=&= Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]usf] ;Ldf= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/nfO{
lnlvt ?kdf ;"lrt ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] sfg"g jf gLlt pNn+3g
ug{ ;Sg] b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|of]hg ;d]tsf s'g} klg k|of]hgsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfsf] pkof]u gul/Psf] ;/sf/n]] ;'lglZrt ug]{5M 5
-s_
;]gf, k|x/L, ldlnl;of, /fli6«o ;'/Iff jf cGo cw{;}Go ;Ë7g jf OsfO{sf] k|lzIf0f
jf ;xof]usf] nfluÙ
-v_ ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] /f]huf/Ldf ;f/e"t Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] jf ;+o'Qm /fHosf] pTkfbgdf
d"ne"t lj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] s'g} klg lqmofsnfksf] nfluÙ
-u_ Pdl;l;sf] jftfj/0fLo
lgb]{lzsf tyf tt\ ;DaGwdf hf/L ePsf cGo lgb]{lzsfx¿ -;fd"lxs ¿kdf“Pdl;l;
jftfj/0fLo lgb]{l{zsfx¿”_ df yk pNn]v ul/Psf jftfj/0f, :jf:Yo
jf ;'/Iffdf ;f/e"t hf]lvd x'g ;Sg] lsl;dsf s'g} klg lqmofsnfk ug]{ jf ;f]
;DaGwdf vr{ ug]{ jf To:tf lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL cGo s'g} klg tj/n] ;xof]u ug{sf
nfluÙ jf
-3_ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf]
;fwgsf] ?kdf ue{ktg ug{ nufpg jf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ue{ktg ug{ pS;fpg] jf
ha/h:tL ug]{, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf ?kdf c:j]lR5s aGb\ofs/0f ug{ nufpg] jf
ha/h:tL u/L jf cfly{s k|nf]eg b]vfO{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ aGb\ofs/0f ug{ nufpg]
jf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ue{ktg jf c:j]lR5s aGb\ofs/0f ug]{ sfo{, jf
ljlw;Fu, k"0f{ jf cf+lzs, ?kdf ;DalGwt s'g} afof]d]l8sn cg';Gwfg sfo{sf
e'QmfgL lbg .
bkmf @=* s/=
-s_ kIfx¿ lnlvt ¿kdf
ljz]iftM cGoyf ;xdt ePsf]df afx]s, ;Dk"0f{ Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnsf]
jf g]kfndf ;fdfGotof nfu" x'g] s'g} klg k|rlnt jf efjL s/, z'Ns, n]eL,
clgjfo{ e'QmfgL jf cGo ;dfg lsl;dsf b:t'/x¿ -g]kfndf ;fdfGotof k|rlnt d'gfl;a
tyf u}/lje]bsf/L ?kdf ;]jf jfktsf] z'Ns afx]s_ -“s/”_,-h;df
g]kfnsf] jf g]kfnl:yt /fli6«o, ;+3Lo, k|b]z jf :yfgLo ;/sf/L jf s/ nufpg]
lgsfon] nufpg] s/ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]_ af6 d'Qm /xg] ;/sf/n] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
plNnlvt Joj:yfsf] ;j{;fdfGotfnfO{ ;Lldt gu/L tyf ljz]iftM Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf
b]xfosf e'QmfgLaf6 d'Qm x'g]5Ù -!_ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfnleq NofOPsf s'g}
j:t', sfo{ jf ;]jfdf nfUg] s'g} dx;'n, eG;f/ z'Ns, k}7f/L s/, lgsf;L s/ / o:t}
k|s[ltsf cGo b:t'/Ù -@_ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt j:t', sfo{ jf ;]jf ;DaGwL sf/f]af/df
nfUg] d"No clej[l¢ s/, laqmL s/, cGtMz'Ns, ;DklQ vl/b laqmL s/, jf cGo
sf/f]jf/df nfUg] o:t} k|s[ltsf b:t'/Ù -#_ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ;DklQsf]
:jfldTj, sAhf, pkef]udf nfUg] s/ jf cGo o:t} k|s[ltsf b:t'/Ù tyf -$_ sfo{qmdsf
;DaGwdf ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ;DaGwL cfo, d'gfkmf, jf s'n -u|;_ k|flKtdf nfUg] s/ jf
cGo ;dfg b:t'/ tyf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ug]{ b]xfodf pNn]v eP afx]ssf
k|fs[lts JolQm jf sfg"gL JolQmnfO{ nfUg] ;DalGwt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff s/ tyf
o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo b:t'/M -!_ g]kfnL gful/s jf g]kfnsf :yfoL afl;Gbf k|fs[lts
JolQm, -@_ g]kfnsf] sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt sfg"gL JolQm -t/ Pdl;P–g]kfn
/ o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf ;/sf/sf] bfloTj sfo{fGjog ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt cGo s'g} lgsfo
afx]s_ .
-v_ bkmf @=* -s_
cGtu{tsf] s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ lglZrt d'Vo s/sf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n]
cjnDag ug]{ sfo{ljlw cg';"rL & df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sfo{ljlw
cGtu{t k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd s/sf] e'QmfgLdf lbOPsf] 5'6, ;/sf/n]
Pdl;l;nfO{ Pdl;P–g]kfn jf s/bftfnfO{ lbg] s/ lkmtf{ jf ;f]wegf{, jf ;/sf/n]
sfo{qmdsf] lxtsf] nflu Pdl;P–g]kfn jf Pdl;l;nfO{ e'Qmfg ug]{ bkmf @=*-s_ df
pNn]v ul/Psf ljifodf nfUg]] s/sf] ;xdlt adf]lhdsf] /sd ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg]5g\
. 6
-u_
bkmf @=*-s_ jf cg';"rL & df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:yf ljkl/t s/ e'QmfgL ePdf
;/sf/n] cljnDa Pdl;l; -jf Pdl;l;n] tf]s]sf] cGo kIf_ nfO{ pQm s/ jfktsf] /sd
cd]l/sL 8n/ jf g]kfnL ¿k}ofFdf ;f] adf]lhd s/ e'Qmfg ePsf] lnlvt -Pdl;l; jf
Pdl;P–g]kfnaf6_ ;"rgf ;/sf/n] kfPsf] #) lbg -jf kIfx¿ aLr lnlvt ?kdf ;xdlt
ePsf] cjlw_ leq lkmtf{ ug]{5 . To:tf] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;doleq lkmtf{ ug{ g;s]df
lkmtf{ gul/Psf]] /sddf
bkmf
%=$ adf]lhd Aofh nfUg] 5 .
-3_ ;/sf/n]
bkmf @=* -u_ cGtu{tsf]
cfˆgf] bfloTj kl/k"lt{sf nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf jf ;f] sf] k|ltkmn jf
sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
wf/f #=
sfof{Gjog
bkmf #=! sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf= kIfx¿n] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
ljlQo hjfkmb]lxtf, / e'QmfgL tyf pkof]usf] yk ljj/0f ;d]t ;d]l6Psf] Ps ;Demf}tf
-“sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf”jf“lkcfO{P”_ ;DkGg
ug]{5g\Ù / ;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P tyf cGo s'g} k"/s ;Demf}tf Pj+ cGo
sfof{Gjog kq cg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{5 .
bkmf #=@ ;/sf/sf]
lhDd]jf/L=
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog
ko{j]If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 .
-v_ ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf]
lnlvt ?kdf k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ kl/of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg ug]{ tyf vl/b Joj:yfkg ug]{
nufotsf ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd ko{j]If0f, Joj:yfkg / sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ tyf bfloTj
k"\/f ug{ tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{] pQ/bfloTj ePsf] g]kfnsf]
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 hf/L ul/Psf] u7g cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 :yflkt x'g] Pp6f lgsfo
tf]Sg]5 . ;f] lgsfonfO{ o;df“Pdl;P–g]kfn” egL
;Daf]wg ul/g]5, / Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfo{qmd ;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf
;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ clVtof/L x'g]5 . ;/sf/n] o;} ;Demf}tfaf6
Pdl;P–g]kfnnfO{ ldlt h'nfO{ @), @)!^ sf] ;+zf]lwt / k|lt:yflkt k|f/lDes cg'aGwg
;DaGwL k|fljlws ;xof]u cg'bfg ;Demf}tf [Amended and Restated Initial Engagement
Technical Assistance Grant Agreement, dated July 20, 2016] df
kl/eflift lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ko{j]If0f, Joj:yfkg tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/sf] clwsf/
tyf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't
bkmf #=@ -v_ adf]lhd
lgsfo tf]s]sf]] sf/0faf6 ;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tf adf]lhd jf cGo s'g} ;DalGwt
;Demf}tf adf]lhd k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jf bfloTjaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] 5}g /
;f]sf] nflu ;/sf/ k"0f{ ?kdf pQ/bfoL /xg]5 . Pdl;l;n]
bkmf #=@ -v_ adf]lhdsf] lgsfo tf]Sg] ;DaGwdf
o;} ;Demf}tf adf]lhd :jLsl[t tyf ;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 .
-u_ Pdl;l; lnlvt ?kdf
cGoyf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;/sf/n] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfåf/f k"0f{ jf
cf+lzs -k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf_ ?kdf ljQ Joj:yf ul/Psf] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ jf
;]jf k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq pkof]u
ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
-3_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf
cjlwdf ;/sf/n] kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu ;a} cfjZos tyf pko'Qm sbdx¿
-bkmf @=^-s_ nfO{ l;ldt g/fvL, Pdl;l; lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf eGbf clws tyf o;;Fu ;DalGwt zt{x¿ kfngf ug{ tyf To:tf
p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ nfutsf] ljQLo Joj:yf ;d]t_ rfNg]5 . 7
-ª_
;/sf/n] d'gfl;a /]vb]v, sfo{bIftf tyf nugzLntfsf ;fy k|fljlws, cfly{s /
Joj:yfkgsf d'gfl;a cEof;x¿ cg';/0f u/L k|:t't ;Demf}tf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
;Demf}tf, k|To]s k"/s ;Demf}tf / sfo{qmd lgb]{lzsf cg'¿k sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
tyf k|:t't ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] ;'lglZrt
ug]{{5 .
-r_ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf]
tkm{af6 Pdl;l;nfO{ af}l4s ;DklQsf] s'g} c+z jf c+zx¿ xfn 1ft ePsf] jf o; kZrft
ljsl;t x'g] Pdl;l;n] pko'Qm b]v]sf] s'g} dfWoddf h'g;'s} k|of]hg -pTkfbg, k'gM
pTkfbg, k|sfzg, kl/jt{g, k|of]u, ;~ro, ?kfGt/0f jf pknAw u/fpg] clwsf/ ;d]t_ sf
nflu cljlR5Gg, ckl/jt{gLo, /f]oN6L/lxt, ljZjJofkL, k"0f{?kdf e'Qmfg
ul/Psf], x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ tyf k|of]u ug{ jf u/]sf] x'g cg'dlt k|bfg
ub{5 .
bkmf #=# gLltut
sfo{;Dkfbg= cg';"rL ! -olb s'g}_ df pNn]v ePsf gLlt, sfg"gL tyf
lgofds ;'wf/ k|lta¢tfsf cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] Pdl;P P]gsf] bkmf ^)& df lgwf{l/t
gLltut dfkb08, / Pdl;l;n] k|of]u u/]sf] 5gf}6 dfkb08 / sfo{ljlw cg';f/ cfˆgf]
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ sfod tyf ;'wf/ ug{ k|oTg ug]{5 .
bkmf #=$ ;"rgfsf]
oyfy{tf= ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldlt;Dd Pdl;l;nfO{ ;/sf/n] jf
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;xdltdf k'Ug] qmddf pknAw u/fOPsf
;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L j:t'ut ?kdf ;To, ;fFrf] tyf k"0f{ /x]sf] egL k|Tofe"t
ub{5 .
bkmf #=% sfof{Gjog kq=
Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;do ;dodf o; ;Demf}tf, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, jf sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ljifodf lnlvt ?kdf -k|To]snfO{,“sfof{Gjog
kq”
elgPsf]_ dfkm{t k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/n] pQm k/fdz{nfO{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
ubf{ cjnDag ug]{5 . kIfx¿n] o; ;Demf}tf, lkcfO{P, jf cGo ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfsf]
sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL ljifox¿df cfk;L ;xdltsf] ljifo PsLg u/L clen]vsf nflu ;+o'Qm
?kdf sfof{Gjog kqx¿ hf/L ug{ ;d]t ;Sg]5g\ .
bkmf #=^ vl/b tyf
cg'bfg=
-s_ ;/sf/n] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ;Dk"0f{ j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] kl/k"lt{ ;/sf/ jf k|bfosn] Pdl;l;
sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{lzsf -“Pdl;l; sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{l{zsf”_
adf]lhd ug]{ ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . Pdl;l; sfo{qmd vl/b lgb]{lzsfdf cGo s'/fsf
cltl/Qm b]xfosf zt{x¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5g\M
-!_ j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jf
vl/bsf nflu tyf vl/b ;Demf}tf cfXjfg, ;DkGg / k|zf;g ug{ v'nf, lgikIf /
k|lt:kwL{ ljlwx¿ kf/bzL{ 9Ën] k|of]u ug'kg]{,
-@_ cfXjfg ul/g] j:t',
sfo{{ tyf ;]jf k|fKt ul/g] j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] :ki6 / oyfy{ ljj/0fdf cfwfl/t
x'g'kg]{,
-#_ ;Demf}tfx¿ ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd sfo{ ug{ of]Uotf Pj+ tTk/tf ePsf of]Uo 7]s]bf/x¿nfO{ dfq pgLx¿sf]
ldtJolotf tyf ;fdlos ?kdf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] zt{ adf]lhd k|bfg ug'{kg]{, / 8
-$_
j:t', sfo{ tyf ;]jfsf] k"lt{sf nflu lgwf{l/t, pbfx/0fsf nflu d"No
p¢/0f -sf]6]zg_ tyf ahf/ d"Nosf] t'ngf u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf], Jofkfl/s ?kdf
d'gfl;a d"No eGbf a9L d"No e'QmfgL gug]{ .
-v_ ;/sf/n], Pdl;l;n]
lnlvt :jLs[lt lbPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s, sfo{qmd sfof{GjognfO{ cufl8 a9fpg hf/L
ul/g] cg'bfg -k|To]snfO{ “cg'bfg” elgPsf]_
Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ kf/bzL{ tj/n] v'Nnf, lgikIf / k|lt:kwL{ ljlw ckgfP/ k|bfg,
sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . o; zt{sf] yk kl/kfngfsf] nflu,
tyf s'g} cg'bfg hf/L ug{' k"j{, ;/sf/ / Pdl;l;n] pko'Qm of]Uotf / 5gf}6
ljlw tyf cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ljlw;lxt ;Defljt cg'bfg k|fKtstf{sf] klxrfgsf]
lgwf{/0fsf nflu lnlvt sfo{ljlwdf ;xdt x'g]5g\ . o;/L ;xdlt ul/Psf]df sfo{ljlw
Pdl;P–g]kfnsf] j]a ;fO6df k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
bkmf #=& clen]v,
n]vfÍg, cfj[t k|bfosx¿, kx'Fr=
-s_ ;/sf/L lx;fa -lstfa_
/ clen]v= ;/sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]u tyf sfo{qmdsf]
kl/0ffd tyf sfof{Gjog k|ltljlDat ug{ kof{Kt n]vfÍg ;DaGwL lx;fa, clen]v, sfuhkq
/ cGo sfo{qmd ;DaGwL k|df0fsf] clen]v -“;Demf}tf clen]vx¿”_
Pdl;l; ;Gt'i6 x'g] u/L /fVg' kg]{5 tyf ;d]l6Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|bfosx¿n] ;f]xL
adf]lhd ;Demf}tf clen]v /fVg] ;DaGwdf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf{]Qd k|oTg ug]{5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm, ;/sf/n] Pdl;l;sf] cg'/f]wdf Pdl;l;nfO{ o:tf ;Demf}tf clen]vx¿sf] ;Ssn
jf k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-v_ n]vfÍg= ;/sf/n]
;+o'Qm /fHosf] k|rlnt ;fdfGotof :jLs[t n]vf l;¢fGtx¿ adf]lhd, jf ;/sf/n] rfx]df
Pdl;l;sf] lnlvt k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/, cGo n]vf l;¢fGtx¿, h:t} -!_ cGt/f{li6«o
n]vfÍg dfgs af]8{n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf, jf -@_ g]kfndf k|rlnt n]vf l;¢fGtx¿ adf]lhd
;Demf}tf clen]vx¿ /fVg]5 tyf ;d]l6Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|bfosx¿n] ;f]xL adf]lhd
;Demf}tf clen]v /fv]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf{]Qd k|oTg ug]{5 . ;Demf}tf clen]vx¿
;Demf}tf cjlw ;dfKt eP kl5 sDtLdf kfFr jif{;Dd jf s'g} d'2f, bfjL jf
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] lgisif{sf] lg?k0fsf nflu jf k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cfjZostf
adf]lhd ;f] eGbf a9L ;do;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{5 .
-u_ kx'Fr= Pdl;l;n]
cg'/f]w u/]df, ;/sf/n], k|To]s d'gfl;a ;dodf, Pdl;l;sf cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwx¿,
Pdl;l;sf dxflg/LIfs -“dxflg/LIfs”_,
;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/sf] csfpG6]lalnl6 sfof{no, k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf jf o;
;Demf}tfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;DaGwdf n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] s'g} klg
n]vfk/LIfs, / Pdl;l; jf ;/sf/af6 sfo{qmdsf] s'g} cfFsng, k'g/fjnf]sg jf
d"NofÍg ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf] s'g} Ph]G6 jf k|ltlglwnfO{, Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfåf/f cf+lzs jf k"0f{ ?kdf ljQ pknAw u/fOPsf] ;'ljwf, ;DklQ, tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg, d"NofÍg jf lg/LIf0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbg] jf pknAw
u/fpg]5 .
bkmf #=* n]vfk/LIf0f,
k'g/fjnf]sg=
-s_ ;/fsf/L n]vfk/LIf0f=
kIfx¿n] lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdlt u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s, ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf]
cjlwsf] cGTo;Dd sDtLdf cw{jflif{s ?kdf, o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePb]lv ;f] kl5sf]
;]K6]Da/ #) jf dfr{ #!, h'g cufl8 x'G5, ;f] ;dofjlw ;dfj]z x'g] u/L tyf ;f]
kZrft\ ;]K6]Da/ #) jf dfr{ #! ;Ddsf] k|To]s cw{ jflif{s cjlwsf] nflu Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f, ug]{, jf u/fpg] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, Pdl;l;sf]
cg'/f]wdf, ;/sf/n] pQm n]vfk/LIf0f Pdl;l;n] lgo'Qm u/]sf] tyf dxflg/LIfsn]
:jLs[t u/]sf] :yfgLo n]vfk/LIfsx¿sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t :jtGq
n]vfk/LIfsaf6 jf dxflg/LIfsn] hf/L tyf ;do ;dodf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] Pdl;l;sf ldn]lgod
Rofn]Gh skf]{/];gsf pQ/bfoL lgsfox¿n] ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f ;Demf}tf ug]{ lgb]{lzsf
-“n]vf
k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf”_
adf]lhd 5gf}6 ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cjl:yt dfGotf k|fKt ;fj{hlgs n]vfÍg ug]{
kmd{af6 ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd tyf dxflg/LIfssf]
u'0f:t/ k|Tofe"lt lg/LIf0fsf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g]5 . k|To]s
n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg u/L pko'Qm n]vfk/LIf0f cjlw 9
;dfKt
ePsf] a9Ldf () lbgleq jf kIfx¿ aLr lnlvt ;xdlt eP adf]lhdsf] cGo cjlwleq
Pdl;l;nfO{ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 . k|:t't bkmf #=* -s_ df
pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] zt{n] g]kfnsf] dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] sfof{nonfO{ Pdl;P–g]kfnsf]
n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ /f]s nufpg]] 5}g .
-v_ cGo lgsfosf]
n]vfk/LIf0f= ;/sf/n] -!_ ;/sf/ jf s'g} k|bfos tyf ;+o'Qm /fHosf]
u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ pknAw u/fpg] ;Demf}tfx¿df
To:tf] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] Joj:yfkg tyf
ah]6 sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] o"lgkmd{ P8ldlg:6«]l6e l/Sjfo/d]G6\;, s:6
lk|lG;kN; P08 cl86 l/Sjfo/d]G6\; km/ km]8/n cjf8{\;df /x]sf k|rlnt n]vfk/LIf0f
;DaGwL zt{x¿sf] cwLgdf /xL n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg], -@_ ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;]jf k|bfos
tyf ;+o'Qm /fHosf] gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ pknAw u/fpg]
;Demf}tfx¿df To:tf] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn], Pdl;l; / ;/sf/n]
lnlvt ?kdf cGoyf ;xdlt u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s, ;+o'Qm /fHosf] ;Da4 ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6 ;/sf/L af6 n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg], tyf -#_ ;/sf/ jf s'g} ;]jf k|bfos tyf
u}/ ;+o'Qm /fHodf ;d]l6Psf k|bfos aLr x'g] Pdl;l;åf/f ljQ pknAw u/fpg]
;Demf}tfx¿df] u}/ ;+o'Qm /fHodf ;d]l6Psf k|bfosn] n]vfk/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd
n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] zt{ pNn]v ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
-u_ ;'wf/fTds sfo{=
;/sf/n] ;d]l6Psf k|To]s k|bfosnfO{ -!_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|To'Q/df, cfjZos k/]df,
pko'Qm tyf ;fdlos ;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿ canDag ul/Psf], -@_ ;d]l6Psf k|bfossf]
n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;/sf/sf] clen]vx¿df ;dfof]hg ug{ cfjZos ePdf ;f]sf] canDag
ul/Psf] tyf -#_ cfjZostf cg';f/ To:tf] k|bfossf clen]v tyf ljQLo ljj/0fdf :jtGq
n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ kx'Frsf nflu cg'dlt lbOPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;jf]{Qd k|oTg ug]{5 .
-3_ Pdl;l;åf/f
n]vfk/LIf0f= Pdl;l;nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] pkof]usf]
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-ª_ n]vfk/LIf0f,
k'g/fjnf]sg jf d"NofÍgsf] nfut= o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cfjZos kg]{
n]vfk/LIf0f, k'g/fjnf]sg jf d"NofÍgsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfaf6 vr{ ug{
;lsg]5 .
wf/f $=
;~rf/
bkmf $=! ;~rf/=
k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t
s'g} Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ k]z ug]{ jf dfu ug]{ s'g} sfuhkq jf ;~rf/ lnlvt
?kdf tyf, Pdl;l;;Fu cGoyf ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s, c+u|]hLdf x'g]5 . o:tf ;a}
sfuhkq jf ;~rf/ k|To]s kIfsf] b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 7]ufgf jf lnlvt
;"rgfdf csf]{ kIfnfO{ tf]s] adf]lhdsf] To:tf] cGo 7]ufgfdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5
. 10
;/sf/nfO{M
cy{ dGqfno
Wofgfsif{0fM >L cy{
;lrj
-af]wfy{– ;x;lrj,
cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;xfotf, ;dGjo dxfzfvf_
l;+xb/af/
sf7df8f}+
g]kfn
ˆofS;M +(&&–!–$@!!!^!
6]lnkmf]gM+(&&–!–$@!!!^$
O{d]nM secretary@mof.gov.np
Pdl;l;nfO{M
ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh
skf]{/];g
Wofgfsif{0fM pkfWoIf,
sDKofS6 ck/]zG;
-jf]wfy{–pkfWoIf / hg/n
sfpG;n_
!)((, kmf]l6{Gy l:6«6 Pg
8An'
jflz+u6g, l8l; @)))%
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
ˆofS;M +! -@)@_
%@!–#&))
6]lnkmf]gM+! -@)@_
%@!–#&))
O{d]nM VPOperations@mcc.gov
(pkfWoIf, sDKofS6 ck/]zG;)
VPGeneralCounsel@mcc.gov (pkfWoIf
/ hg/n sfpG;n)
bkmf $=@ k|ltlglw=
k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;a}
k|of]hgsf] nflu, ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf], cy{
dGqLsf] ?kdf sfo{/t, jf ;f] kbdf axfn /x]sf] JolQm, tyf Pdl;l;sf] k|ltlglwTj
Pdl;l;sf] pkfWoIf–sDKofS6 ck/]zG;sf] ?kdf sfo{/t, jf ;f] kbdf axfn /x]sf]
JolQm, -k|To]snfO{ o;kl5 “k|d'v k|ltlglw” elgPsf]_
n] ug]{5g\ . k|To]s kIfn], csf]{ kIfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{, Ps jf a9L
k|ltlglwx¿ -k|To]snfO{, “cltl/Qm k|ltlglw” elgPsf]_
bkmf ^=@ -s_ afx]ssf] ;Demf}tfsf] ;a} k|of]hgsf] nflu lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
;/sf/n] o; ;Demf}tfaf6 Pdl;P–g]kfnsf efjL sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsnfO{ cltl/Qm
k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . Pdl;l;n] o;/L ;xfos pkfWoIf, sDKofS6 ck/]zG;
ljefu, o'/f]k, Plzof, Kofl;lkms tyf Nofl6g cd]l/sfnfO{ cltl/Qm k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf
lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbP/ cfˆgf] k|d'v
k|ltlglwnfO{ ;f]xL kb jf ;f] eGbf pRr kb:y gofF k|ltlglwdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5 . 11
bkmf
$=# x:tfIf/= k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf o; ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} ;+zf]wgdf x'g] x:tfIf/
;f]xL k[i7df jf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] kq jf s"6gLlts kqdf ul/g] x:tfIf/ x'g]5 .
wf/f %
cGToÙ lgnDagÙ ;dflKt
bkmf %=! cGToÙ lgnDag=
-s_ Ps kIfn] csf]{
kIfnfO{ #) lbgsf] lnlvt k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ k"0f{?kdf lagf s'g}
sf/0f of] ;Demf}tf cGTo ug{ ;Sg]5 . Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ #) lbgsf] lnlvt
k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ cf+lzs ?kdf lagf s'g} sf/0f of] ;Demf}tf jf Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf cGTo ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-v_ Pdl;l;åf/f lgnDag jf
cGTosf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] -;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ?kdf ;"lrt ul/Psf]_
s'g} kl/l:ylt ;[hgf ePdf Pdl;l;n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ tTsfn
k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf / o;;Fu
;DalGwt s'g} klg bfloTj cGTo jf lgnDag ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] kl/l:yltdf b]xfosf]
kl/l:ylt ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5M
-!_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf
;/sf/n] ;DkGg u/]sf] cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf jf Joj:yf cGtu{tsf cfˆgf bfloTjx¿
kl/kfng ug{ ;/sf/ c;kmn ePdfÙ
-@_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf]
cjlwdf s'g} 36gf jf 36gfqmdx¿ 36]sf] sf/0fn] ;Demf}tf cjlwdf s'g} klg kl/of]hgf
p2]Zox¿ k|fKt gx'g] jf ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf cfˆgf bfloTjx¿ Kl/kfngf
ug{ g;Sg] ePdfÙ
-#_ Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yfsf] pkof]u jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] lg/Gt/ sfof{Gjog jf sfo{qmdn] jt{dfg jf
eljiodf nfu" x'g] k|rlnt sfg"g jf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/sf]
gLlt pNn‹g u/]dfÙ
-$_ ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf k|fKt ug]{ jf sfo{qmdsf] ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{ s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff lxt ljkl/tsf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePdfÙ
-%_ ljb]zL ;xfotf P]g,
!(^! (Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961) ;+zf]lwt ?kdf (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq._, sf]
efu ! cg';f/] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ cof]Uo
7xl/g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ul/Pdf jf s'g} csd{0otf ePdf jf s'g} 36gf 36]dfÙ
-^_ Pdl;P P]g cGtu{t
;xfotfsf] nflu g]kfnsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{ k|of]u ePsf dfkb08;Fu c;Ët x'g]
lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg ePdfÙ tyf
-&_ ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf k|fKt ug]{ jf sfo{qmd ;DklQ k|of]u ug]{ s'g} JolQm jf lgsfo
nfu"cf}ifw ck/fwdf bf]ifL ePsf] kfOPdf jf nfu"cf}ifw cf];f/k;f/df
;+nUg ePsf] kfOPdf .
bkmf %=@ cGTo, lgnDag,
jf ;dflKtsf] kl/0ffd=
-s_ bkmf %=! -s_ adf]lhd
;Demf}tf ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf csf]{ kIf;Fu c;n ljZjf;sf ;fy k/fdz{ ug{] k|oTg
ug]{ s'/fdf kIfx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\ . 12
-v_
Pdl;l;n] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGo ;Da4 JolQm jf lgsfo h'g cj:yfsf] sf/0fn]] Pdl;l;
ljQLo Joj:yf lgnDag jf cGTo ug'{ k/]sf] xf] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|lta4
/x]sf] egL lgwf{/0f u/]df lgnDag jf cGTo ul/Psf] k|:t't ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf]
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf Pdl;l;n] k'ga{xfnL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ?kdf lgnDag jf cGTo ePdf jf
;Demf}tfsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePdf, lgnDag kZrft\, cGTo kZrft\ jf ;dflKt kZrftsf]
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, cGo e"Qmflg tyf sfo{qmd ;DklQsf] k|aGwsf ;DaGwdf
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $=@ nfu" x'g]5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf,
Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf jf cGo s'g} k"/s
;Demf}tfsf] lgnDag jf cGTo gul/Psf] c+z eg] k"0f{ ?kdf k|efjsf/L tyf
sfof{Gjogdf /xg]5 .
bkmf %=# lkmtf{, pNn+3g=
-s_ s'g} Pdl;l; ljQLo
Joj:yf, To;sf] s'g} Aofh jf cfh{g, jf s'g} sfo{qmd ;DklQsf] k|of]u o;
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ ljkl/tsf] s'g} k|of]hgdf ePdf, Pdl;l;n] ;/sf/nfO{ b'?kof]u
ul/Psf] Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf, Aofh, cfh{g jf ;DklQdf Aofh yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd
cd]l/sL 8n/df Pdl;l;sf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ cg'/f]w kfPsf] #) lbgleq Pdl;l;nfO{
lkmtf{ ug{ nufpg ;Sg]5 . ;/sf/n] To:tf] e'QmfgLsf] nflu Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf,
To;sf] cfh{g jf sfo{qmd ;DklQ k|of]u ug{] 5}g .
-v_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf
cGo h'g;'s} Joj:yf ul/Psf] jf cGoyf Joj:yf x'g] u/L cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf ul/Psf]
eP tfklg, Pdl;l;sf] bkmf %=# -s_ cGtu{tsf] lkmtf{ kfpg] clwsf/ o; ;Demf}tfsf]
cjlw el/ / -!_ tTkZrft\ kfFr jif{sf] cjlw, jf -@_ Pdl;l;n] To:tf] pNn+3gsf]
;DaGwdf oyfy{ hfgsf/L k|fKt u/] kZrft\ Ps -!_ jif{sf] cjlw dWo] h'g kl5 x'G5 To:tf]
cjlwe/ sfod /lx/xg]5 .
bkmf %=$ l9nf] e'QmfgLdf
Aofh= g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf cGtu{t
e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ s'g} /sd -bkmf @=* -u_ tyf %=#-s_ cGtu{tsf] /sd ;d]t_ e'QmfgL
ug{ c;kmn ePdf, To:tf] e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sddf Aofh e'Qmfg ul/g]5 . To:tf]
e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sddf To; avt k|rngdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo 6«]h/Lsf] s/]06
Eofn' ckm kmG8\; /]6 a/fa/ Aofh ;f] /sd e'QmfgL ug{'kg]{ ldltb]lv k"0f{
?kdf e'QmfgL geP;Ddsf] #^) lbgsf] Ps jif{ dfgL b}lgs ?kdf lx;fa ul/g]5 . o:tf] s'g}
e'QmfgL ;j{k|yd aSof}tf Aofh jfkt / Aofhsf] aSof}tf /sd k"0f{ ?kdf r'Qmf
eP kZrft, afFsL ;fFjf jfkt e'QmfgLnfO{ hDdf ul/g]5 .
bkmf %=% sfod /xg]=
;/sf/sf o; bkmf tyf bkmf @=&, @=*, #=@-r_, #=&, #=*, %=@, %=#, %=$ tyf
^=$ cGtu{tsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt, lgnDag jf cGTo kl5 klg sfod
/lx/xg]]5g\ . t/ bkmf @=* sf zt{x¿ k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt kl5 !@) lbg;Ddsf
nflu dfq nfu" x'g]5g\ .
wf/f ^=
;Demf}tfsf
cg';"rLx¿, ;+zf]wg, nfu" x'g] sfg"g
bkmf ^=! cg';"rL=
k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf k|To]s cg';"rL o; ;Demf}tfsf cleGg c+u x'g\, / :ki6 ?kdf
cGoyf pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s“cg';"rL”sf]
p¢/0fsf] cy{ o;} ;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL xf] . 13
bkmf
^=@ ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g=
-s_ kIfx¿n] lnlvt
;Demf}tfåf/f dfq k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . To:tf] ;Demf}tf s;/L
nfu" x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf ;f]xL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/g]5 .
-v_ pkbkmf -s_ df
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg, x:tfIf/ ePkl5 nfu" x'g] ;/sf/ tyf Pd;L;L
aLr lnlvt ;Demf}tf u/LM -!_ s'g} kl/of]hgf, jf lqmofsnfk lgnDag, cGTo jf
kl/dfh{g ug{, -@_ cg';"rL @ df pNn]v ul/sf] ljQLo Joj:yfsf] ljlgof]hgnfO{
kl/jt{g ug{, -#_ cg';"rL ! df JofVof ul/Psf] sfof{Gjogsf] 9fFrf kl/dfh{g
ug{, -$_ Pdl;l;sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg -Pd P08 O{_ gLlt adf]lhd
cg';"rL # df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} ;"rs, cfwf/ /]vf, jf nIo jf cGo s'g}
hfgsf/L yk ug{, kl/dfh{g ug{ jf x6fpg, -%_ cg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g}
k|f/lDes zt{ yk ug{, x6fpg jf 5'6 lbg, jf -^_ cg';"rL & df pNn]v
ul/Psf Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfnfO{ s/af6 d'Qm ug]{ ;+oqnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ s'g} klg
cg';"rL ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf kIfx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\Ù t/ o:tf] ;+zf]wg,
k|To]s cj:yfdf, -!_ j:t'ut ?kdf kl/of]hgf p2]Zox¿ cg'?k, -@_ bkmf @=! df
pNn]lvt s'n /sddf -bkmf @=@ -ª_ sf] k|rng adf]lhd kl/dfh{g eP adf]hd_ sfo{qmd
ljQLo Joj:yf eGbf clws gx'g]], -#_ ;Demf}tf l;l8Pkmsf] /sd bkmf @=@-s_df tf]lsPsf]
s'n /sd eGbf clws gx'g], -$_ bkmf @=^ -s_ cGtu{t ;/sf/sf] pQ/bfloTj tyf cfjZos
;|f]tsf] of]ubfg g36fpg], tyf -%_ ;Demf}tf cjlw gnDAofpg] lsl;dsf] x'g' kb{5 .
-u_ bkmf ^=@ -v_ adf]lhd
s'g} cg';"rLdf s'g} ;+zf]wgsf] nflu ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf s'g} yk cfGtl/s cfjZostfsf]
kfngf jf yk k|s[of -s'g} ;+;bLo k|s[of ;d]t_ k"/f gul/sg} ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg]5
eGg] kIfx¿sf] a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
bkmf ^=# aflemPdf
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf=
-s_ s'g} klg
cg';"rL tyf ! b]lv * ;Ddsf wf/f aflemPdf jf k/:k/ c;Ët ePdf nfu" x'g]
xb;Dd To:tf] wf/f !–* nfu" x'g]5g\, jf
-v_ sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf
k|:t't ;Demf}tf / cGo s'g} ;Demf}tf aflemPdf jf k/:k/ c;Ët ePdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf
nfu" x'g]5 .
bkmf ^=$ nfu" x'g]
sfg"g= k|:t't ;Demf}tf Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf xf] / ;f]xL cg'?k of]
;Demf}tfsf xsdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf l;4fGtx¿ nfu" x'g]5g\ .
bkmf ^=% yk Joj:yfx¿=
k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t jf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;Dkflbt jf u|x0f ul/Psf, jf
;Dkfbg jf u|x0f x'g] s'g} klg lqmofsnfk, bfloTj jf clwsf/sf] ;Gbe{ jf To:t}
efiffn] k|:t't ;Demf}tf tyf sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg ;Demf}tf, b:tfj]h jf
lnvt cGtu{t ;Dkflbt jf u|x0f ul/Psf jf ;Dkfbg jf u|x0f x'g] lqmofsnfk, bfloTj
jf clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
bkmf ^=^ Pdl;l;
j]a;fO6sf] p¢/0f= k|:t't ;Demf}tf, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tf jf o; ;Demf}tfsf
;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGo s'g} k"/s ;Demf}tfdf Pdl;l; j]a;fO6df k|sfzg u/L
;"lrt ul/Psf] jf pknAw b:tfj]h tyf hfgsf/Lsf] ;Gbe{n] ;do ;dodf Pdl;l;
j]a;fO6df cBfjlws jf k|lt:yfkg ul/Psf] To:tf] b:tfj]h jf hfgsf/LnfO{ hgfPsf]
dflgg]5 . 14
bkmf
^=& sfg"g, lgod, gLlt jf lgb]{lzsfsf] ;Gbe{, ;Demf}tfsf] ;dflKt tyf
cGTosf] ;Gbe{=
-s_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf,
lkcfO{P jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] cGo s'g} ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] s'g} sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf To:t} b:tfj]hsf] k|To]s
;Gbe{n] ;do ;dodf ;+zf]lwt, kl/dflh{{t, k'g:yf{lkt jf lj:tfl/t To:tf
sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf To:t} b:tfj]h tyf tL sfg"g, lgod,
gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf ;dfg b:tfj]h cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf jf cGoyf nfu" x'g] jf
;f];Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg sfg"g, lgod, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf jf To:t} b:tfj]h
;d]tnfO{ hgfPsf] dflgg]5 .
-v_ k|:t't ;Demf}tf,
lkcfO{P jf k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] cGo s'g} ;Demf}tfdf,
;Demf}tfsf] “;dflKt” sf]
k|To]s ;Gbe{n], k|:t't ;Demf}tf cufl8 g} cGTo gePsf]df, ;Demf}tf cjlw, h'g bkmf
&=$ adf]lhd k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kZrft\ kfFr jif{ x'g]5, ;dfKt x'g]
ldltnfO{ hgfpg]5 . plNnlvt b:tfj]hdf ;Demf}tfsf] “cGTo” sf]
k|To]s ;Gbe{n] bkmf %=! adf]lhd ;Demf}tf ;dflKt x'g' k"j{ g} ;Demf}tf
nfu" x'g 5f]8]sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
bkmf ^=* Pdl;l;sf]
x}l;ot=
Pdl;l; k|:t't
;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 sfo{/t ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfsf] ;/sf/L lgud xf] . k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{t s'g} klg lqmofsnfk jf
csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg x'g] s'g} klg xflg jf bfjL k|lt Pdl;l; tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfn] bfloTj jxg ub}{g . ;/sf/n] Pdl;l; jf ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; jf
;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/sf s'g} jt{dfg jf lgjt{dfg clwsf/L jf sd{rf/L lj?¢ k|:t't
;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfk jf csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] s'g} klg xflg,
gf]S;fgL, rf]6k6s jf d[To' ;DaGwL s'g} jf ;Dk"0f{ bfjLx¿ kl/Tofu u/]sf] 5
. ;/sf/n] plNnlvt s'g} klg lgsfosf lj?¢ To:tf] xfgL, gf]S;fgL, rf]6k6s jf
d[To'sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|sf/sf] bfjL jf sfg"gL k|s[of cjnDag gug]{ s'/fdf
;xdlt hgfPsf] 5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfk jf csd{0otfaf6 pTkGg x'g]
s'g} xflg jf bfjLsf ;DaGwdf Pdl;l; tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo ;/sf/ jf Pdl;l; jf ;+o'Qm
/fHo ;/sf/sf s'g} jt{dfg jf e"tk"j{ clwsf/L jf sd{rf/Lx¿ g]kfnsf s'g}
klg cbfnt tyf Gofoflws/0fsf] If]qflwsf/af6 pGd'Qm /xg] 5g\ egL ;/sf/n] ;xdt
ePsf] 5 .
wf/f &=
;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]
bkmf &=! cfGtl/s
zt{= k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ cfjZos cfGtl/s zt{x¿ k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n]
;dod} z'?jft ug]{5 . k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" eP kZrft\ k|:t't ;Demf}tf /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g aflemPdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]5 eGg]
kIfx¿sf] a'emfO{ 5 .
bkmf &=@ nfu"
x'gsf nflu k"j{ zt{x¿= o; ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g' k"j{M
-s_ kIfx¿åf/f sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5,
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
Pdl;l;nfO{ b]xfosf b:tfj]hx¿ pknAw u/fPsf] x'g' kb{5M
-!_ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v
k|ltlglw jf Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ ;/sf/af6 l/tk"j{s clVtof/L k|fKt k|ltlglwn]
;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ cfjZos cfGtl/s zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] / ;Demf}tf
nfu" x'gsf] nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf] bkmf &=@ adf]lhdsf k"j{ zt{x¿
k"/f ul/Psf] hfgsf/L;lxt ldlt pNn]v u/L ;lx5fk u/]sf] kq, 15
-@_
Pdl;l;nfO{ lrQ a'em\g] 9fFrf tyf ?kdf g]kfnsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqL -jf
Pdl;l;nfO{ :jLsfo{ ;/sf/sf] cGo sfg"gL k|ltlglwn]_ ;lx5fk u/]sf]
sfg"gL /fo,
-#_ k|:t't ;Demf}tfnfO{
nfu" ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfGtl/s cfjZostf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ cfb]z,
sfg"g, lgodfjnL jf cGo ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] k"0f{ k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkx¿,
h;nfO{ Pdl;l;n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt ug]{ jf cGo tj/n] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pknAw
u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
u_ Pdl;l;n] k|:t't
;Demf}tf nfu" x'Fbfsf avt, Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yfsf] of]Uotf dfkb08nfO{ pNn‹g
x'g] lsl;dsf >[+vnfa4 lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg /x]sf]] egL lgwf{/0f gu/]sf]
x'g'k5{Ù /
3_ cg';"rL % df
plNnlvt cj:yfx¿ k"/f ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
bkmf &=# ;Demf}tf
nfu" x'g] ldlt= Pdl;l;n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf cfbfg k|bfg x'g] kqsf] 9fFrfdf
Pdl;l; / ;/sf/n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" u/fpg cfkm\gf cfGtl/s cfjZostfx¿
k"/f ul/;s]sf] / bkmf &=@ df plNnlvt ;Demf}tf nfu" x'gsf] nflu
cfjZos k"j{zt{x¿ Pdl;l;sf] ;Gt'li6 adf]lhd k"/f ePsf] k'li6 ub}{]
;/sf/nfO{ k|]lift u/]sf] kqsf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
bkmf &=$ ;Demf}tf
cjlw= bkmf %=! adf]lhd cufj} cGTo gul/Pdf k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" ePsf]
ldltb]lv kfFr jif{sf] cjlw -“;Demf}tf cjlw”_;Dd
axfn /xg]5 .
bkmf &=% c:yfoL ?kdf
nfu" x'g]= k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePkl5 / bkmf &=# adf]lhd k|:t't
;Demf}tf nfu" geP;Dd, kIfx¿n] k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿ c:yfoL ?kdf
nfu" ug]{5g\ . t/ k|:t't ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g' cufj} sDKofS6 l;l8Pkm afx]s
cGo Pdl;l; ljQLo Joj:yf -/sd_ pknAw x'g] jf e'QmfgL ul/g] 5}g .
bkmf *=
cltl/Qm ;/sf/L k|lt1f
bkmf *=! ljB't k|;f/0f
kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL k|lt1fM ;/sf/n] k|:t't ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ hUuf clwu|x0f, :ynkx'Fr / jg If]q k|of]u ;DaGwL :jLs[ltsf] nflu
;Dk"0f{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] k"0f{ tyf zL3| ;xof]u ;dod} tyf
Pd;L;Lsf] gLlt cg's"n x'g] u/L pknAw ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{5 .
x:tfIf/ k[i7 o;kl5 csf]{
k[i7df /x]sf] 516
h;sf]
k|df0f:j?k k|To]s kIfn] cfkm"n] l/tk"j{s clVtof/L lbPsf] k|ltlglw dfkm{t
o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
O{lt
;Djt\ ;g\ @)!& ;fn ;]K6]Da/ !$ ljlxaf/sf lbg jfl;Ë6g l8=;L= zx/df,
c+u]|hL efiffdf ;DkGg ePsf] . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGq g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 cy{ dGqfno
÷b=÷
======================================
gfdM 1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{
kbM cy{ dGqL
.
.
|
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/];g
÷b=÷
======================================
gfdM hf]gfyg lh= gfz
kbM k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t -sfodd'sfod_
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